Atmega328p c programming Atmel Studio, Windows işletim sistemi üzerinde çalışan bir programlama aracıdır. Using the AVR C Compiler with Atmel Stu Nov 18, 2018 · Title : USBasp Command : C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\hardware\tools\avr\bin\avrdude. . registers The ATMEGA328P supports in-system programming via a serial bootloader, making it easy to program and update firmware without the need for an external programmer. When the Button is pressed the LEDs should STOP (pause). Upload the ArduinoISP sketch to your Arduino Uno by selecting from the Arduino IDE menu File / Examples / 11. c) command argument SSD1306_COM_PIN_CONF set to 0x12 (ssd1306. c at master · Devilbinder/ATMEGA328P_C Apr 14, 2023 · In the ATmega328 with LM35 and LCD circuit diagram above, we have connected the LCD to port D of ATmega328. Refer to your microcontroller's 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Seven-bit address 0x5C Eight-bit address 0xB8 5 C B 8 Figure2: 7-bitand8-bitI2Caddresses ofthesametypeonthebusortoavoidaddressconflictswithotherdevices. 25KHz, with TOP value of 200. Sep 11, 2021 · I write about using C, MicroPython and Forth with microcontrollers as well as practical electronics and inexpensive test equipment. c An 8-bit interface is used to interface to an LCD display. hex or . 4. Go to the Atmel Studio: Click Tools, select Device Programming, and then select the connected mEDBG as Tool with Device as ATmega328PB and Interface as ISP, click Apply. Port B and Port D are used as Digital I/O while Port C is used for Analog I/O. I2C protocol Aug 7, 2018 · Sourcecode in C. Now, by writing OSCCAL = 0b10000000 (or whatever else I want to write that is allowable by the specifications in the datasheet) I can directly access and change the clock prescalar module for this part. ATMEGA-328P microcontroller programming with C. Atmel Studio 7 is Dec 8, 2015 · This document discusses C programming for the Atmega328P microcontroller. I tried with a This is the supporting repository for the ATmega328P Programming video series. h with libraries. 1. Therefore create a new porject in Amtel Studio. The IC allows multiple modern era communications methods for other modules and microcontrollers itself, which is why the microcontroller ATmega328P usage has been increasing every day. In this article we will cover: Setting up the Arduino IDE to program a standalone ATmega328P microcontroller; Preparing the Arduino Uno to work as an in-system programmer; Programming an ATmega328P with a blinking LED program; Introduction In the last tutorial, we discussed an alternative way of using Arduino, i. It covers the basic information you need to get started, whether or not you’ve used Arduino or other microcontrollers previously. Jan 7, 2016 · and you wondered what that meant, read on. Set interrupt on PD2 connected to a Button. May 2, 2021 · AVR System Clock Distribution and Control / Arduino / ATmega328p Microcontroller | Embedded C Register Level Programming Tutorial | AVR 8-Bit ATmega328P System Clock Tutorial Aug 23, 2015 · Atmel Atmega 328P, popüler bir mikrodenetleyici çipi ve Arduino platformunda sıklıkla kullanılan bir çiptir. Mar 4, 2021 · I write about using C, MicroPython and Forth with microcontrollers as well as practical electronics and inexpensive test equipment. In this Atmega328P ADC tutorial it is shown how to write C program to acquire analog signal using interrupt service routine and display on LCD. c) END_PAGE_ADDR set to 7 (ssd1306. describe using the C software development system. o blink_led. It has a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC processor core. Hence I recommend the book "Make: AVR programming" by Elliot Williams. On the Fritzing scheme, pin 1 is at the bottom left. using the Atmega328p microcontroller alone which removes all the downsides of using the Arduino board, while retaining one of the biggest benefits of the Arduino platform; the ease of programming. I2C interface (also referred to as IIC or TWI) is a widely used interface in embedded applications. Sep 27, 2021 · avr-libc Standard AVR C Library; avr-libc: simple project The project which this entry will cover. 4 Register Description (page 100) which describes how to use the ports. Go to Atmel Studio: Click the Tools tab, select Device Programming, and select the connected mEDBG as Tool with Device as ATmega328P and Interface to ISP, click Apply . The Arduino IDE uses the AVR-GCC compiler under the hood, the same compiler used for AVR-C programming. Only a single letter but it's a big difference! Did you accidentally put an ATmega328PB on your Nano instead of the ATmega328P? Interrupt hander is invisible to program Except through side-effects, e. Eight-bit interface using the busy flag. Remove all the arduino connections, provide a separate 5 VDC power supply to the breadboard and we've an independent 328 microcontroller in action. Memory map of Atmega328p is also added. How to check all registers ? If it is too complicated I'd rather program code straight into avr on the arduino chip. 1. Overall, the Microchip ATMEGA328P is known for its versatility, reliability, and ease of use, making it a popular choice for hobbyists, students, and professionals alike. If you're using a different chip, configuration file path, or programmer name be sure to change the values. 7. The datasheet describes how to use the digital ports in section 14. at328-6. Oct 6, 2020 · In this ATmega328P programming tutorial I will setup the ATmega328P hardware for programming. The USART peripheral can be used to interface with many different types of sensors, modems, ic(s), and microcontrollers. Jan 16, 2020 · Now, onto programming the ATmega328. This series is at the register level. o -o blink_led. Progress! Opening up that file with bless hex editor, I can see that the file starts with . There are several ways to program embedded microcontrollers; for this tutorial, we will use an in-circuit programming (ISP) header included on the robot’s right arm near the microcontroller. This time I wanted to dive deeper into the topic with some low level memory management programming. e. For more complete information on any of the topics below, see the full Atmel datasheet or programming manual. 5. Mar 25, 2015 · This tutorial introduces programming for AVR microcontrollers. Introduction. hex":i Select ‘Use Output Window’ Change the -p parameter based on your AVR chip. Figure 2-6. See Programming ATmega328P ADC in C to learn how to use ATmega328p ADC. Aug 22, 2022 · I write about using C, MicroPython and Forth with microcontrollers as well as practical electronics and inexpensive test equipment. The ATmega328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the megaAVR family (later Microchip Technology acquired Atmel in 2016). c Similar to at328-4. c file (Desktop\AVR\LED_Blink). When the count reaches nine it must loop around to zero again and keep going. Scroll to the section” Programming Options (avrdude)” and change AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER to USBtiny. h> header file should be included. Dec 8, 2015 · This document discusses C programming for the Atmega328P microcontroller. Displays a brief message on the screen. Apr 6, 2021 · In this ATmega328P programming tutorial I will demonstrates how to setup the Serial UART. Programming example in C. ArduinoISP and click on Upload. If you don't know how to use Atmel studio for programming and uploading code see our earlier tutorial How to Program ATmega328p using ATMEL Studio & AVR ISP MKII. In the previous entry, I wrote a C equivilent to the Arduino analogWrite(). Ejemplo para configurar PORTB y el nibble bajo de PORTD como salidas: // Clock Prescalar Register for ATMega328p #define CLKPR *0x61 in a header file associated with the part (such as AVR libc). 96" OLED display with SSD1306 driver 128x64 or 128x32 version through TWI's (I2C). Bu çipin programlama için kullanılan araçlar, Atmel Studio veya Arduino IDE gibi geliştirme ortamlarıdır. Using the AVR C Compiler with Atmel S C library is aimed for driving 0. My project which I am working should work like this: Set LEDs PB0 to BP7 ON and OFF. 3. AVCC is the separate power supply for the A/D converters and the Port C pins. Answer: c Explanation: Setup() is called once in the program when a sketch starts after power-up. Programming example in Arduino IDE C. Examples on how to use atmel studio on atmega328p microcontroller, using AVR C Library. Sep 24, 2022 · I write about using C, MicroPython and Forth with microcontrollers as well as practical electronics and inexpensive test equipment. This specifies the microcontroller that we are using. Current Uno R3 boards contain the AVR Atmega328p 8-bit processor and a built-in programmer. And we convert the executable to a In this repo I'll be covering a step by step guide of programming an ATmega328P IC (The same micro-controller present on Arduino UNO) using Arduino IDE and an Arduino UNO as a programmer to make yourself a custom Arduino, to make your projects more scalable and cost-effective. From here on, we’ll continue to expand on Programming the Microchip ATmega328P in C by Allan G. # Understanding the Basics The ATmega328P is an 8-bit microcontroller with a Harvard architecture, meaning it can access data and Nov 25, 2020 · Arduino offers a gentle introduction to the world of microcontrollers and embedded programming. Each member of Jul 18, 2021 · The following C program illustrates how one can use the ATmega328P microcontroller to set the Fast PWM mode 7 in non-inverting mode with duty cycle of 75%(The duty cycle was calculated using the pwm duty cycle formula provided above), frequency of 31. Mar 12, 2023 · AVR-GCC is the compiler toolchain suite that generates software for Atmel microcontroller units. programming the ATmega328P in C, blending academic rigor with practical applications. Now press F1, select C/C++ :edit configurations GUI; Change the compiler path to avr-gcc location: if Arduino is present on you pc this will probably be the path: "C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\hardware\tools\avr\bin\avr-gcc" Scroll down and change IntelliSense mode to gcc-x86(legacy) Saved searches Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly In this Instuctable I'll be covering a step by step guide of programming an ATmega328P IC (The same microcontroller present on Arudino UNO) using Arduino IDE and an Arduino UNO as a programmer to make yourself a custom Arduino, to make your projects more scalable and cost-effective. A portion of the data sheet is attached to the end of this document. g. It is used to initialise variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch. Once uploaded your Arduino will be programmed to be used as an ISP. Plus you have all the voltage regulators and peripherals from the board. c on the class web site contains an example of how to store a strings in to be stored in program memory has to be declared is a special way, and has to be accessed differently in theprograminordertousethedata. It outlines some merits and demerits of C programming for AVR microcontrollers, including that C programs can be ported between microcontrollers with minor modifications but C compilers do not always produce optimized hex files. MCU is powered from 5V with an LED connected to Pin PB0 (chip pin 14) with a 1k series resistor. In this ATmega328P programming tutorial I will demonstrates how to use the EEPROM to Read and Write data for storage. I2C bus consists of Serial Data Line (SDA) and Serial Clock Line (SCL). A rough algorithm describing this program (along with the type of each step) is shown below. So, in this video and in future videos I will be using C. However, Port C can also be used as Digital I/O in case you need more I/O, Now the digital I/O can be made high or low by writing the respective bits into the port registers. Sep 29, 2013 · Programming example in Assembly Language. Connections for Programming the Now we need to compile, so we first create the object file from the source code specifying the microcontroller in which we will run the program: >$ avr-gcc -Os -DF_CPU=16000000UL -mmcu=atmega328p -c -o blink_led. In this book you'll peel away the layers of abstraction provided by the Arduino environment and An Arduino can be used to flash a standalone ATmega328P microcontroller without the Arduino bootloader. Weber The sample program AT328-5. In this ATmega328P programming tutorial I will demonstrates how to use buttons as inputs. cThis program shows how to control an LCD display using an RS-232 serial interface. ATmega328P Xplained Mini Getting Started Jul 17, 2021 · In this Atmega328p Timer interrupt example program code, we have configured the Port B Pin 0 an output. I am not abandoning assembl Dec 5, 2020 · For orientation: the semicircular recess on the ATmega328P shows you the side where pin 1 and pin 28 are located (see also Pinout scheme above). Unlike UART, SPI is synchronous, meaning data transfers are synchronized to a shared clock signal between the two communicating devices. Aug 19, 2022 · Here it is explained how the ADC(Analog to Digital Converter) of ATmega328P microcontroller works and how to program the ADC in C programming language. There are no additional libraries required. Click MakeFile -> MCU type -> ATMega -> atmega328p. Es wird aber allgemein empfohlen. Connect the Xplained Mini USB to the PC. I verified this code on a virgin ATmega328p chip compiled with AVR-GCC and programmed using AVRDUDE. at328-5. Atmel Studio 7 is now It is the method used by programming devices like the usbtiny to transfer programs to AVR microcontrollers and is a way to interface with SD cards, among other things. After that we configure the Timer0 in normal mode with pre-scalar of 8 by setting appropriate bits in the TCCR0A and TCCR0B registers. El ATmega328P, cuenta con 3 puertos de pintes entrada/salida PORTB de 8 pines (6 accesables desdel el Arduino), PORTC de 7 pines y PORTD de 8 pines. We create the executable: >$ avr-gcc -mmcu=atmega328p blink_led. write the program as usual, click "upload" The program'll be uploaded to the microcontroller. This ATmega328P IC comes with internal protections and multiple programming methods which helps the engineers to priorities this controller for different situations. Jun 5, 2021 · After this we are complete with hardware connection, bread-boarding the ATmega328p for LED blinking. Then we have load 206 count value into the TCNT0 register. Jan 2, 2024 · Remarque : cet article est une introduction à la programmation de l’ATMEGA328P, qui va vous montrer 4 façons de programmer un ATmega328P. After clicking on "OK", a new window opens and ask you to select the correct microcontroller (ATMega328P or ATMega328). The sample program AT328-5. If you feel that you want to learn how to implement the use of the busy flag then you should do this first with an eight-bit interface. A two-wire bus was initially used by Philips and become a standard among chip vendors. The ATmega328P Microcontrollers th Jan 5, 2021 · In this ATmega328P programming tutorial I will demonstrates how to use the GPIO to blink LEDs and creating a running LED sequence. ELF, which stands for “Executable and Linkable Format”. You don't need to use their IDE and simplified libraries. Microchip Technology Aug 20, 2022 · A tutorial on programming ATmega328p ADC interrupt in C programming language. Atmega328p Microcontroller Dec 7, 2021 · I write about using C, MicroPython and Forth with microcontrollers as well as practical electronics and inexpensive test equipment. Arduino C Programs Arduino calls these “sketches” Basically C with libraries Program structure Header: declarations, includes, etc. c but uses a 4-bit interface to the LCD and stores the strings in the ROM memory instead of RAM. Jan 9, 2020 · I am trying to use my atmel ICE with platformIO and VS Code instead of Atmel Studio, as this software is a pain when I want to use Arduino. If people remain interested I will continue to put out one a week or so until I run out of… Sep 2, 2014 · Flashing LEDs w/ the ATMega328P and C Recently my love of programming has come together with electronics. Jun 12, 2021 · Here we have used Atmel studio 7 for programming and uploading the hex file. Arduino is a great option for learning as you can always use pure C code to program the atmega328p inside it. Settings for particular versions: 128x64 version command argument SSD1306_SET_MUX_RATIO set to 0x3F (ssd1306. The Atmel ATmega328P is one member of the Atmel 8-bit microcontroller family. Jan 23, 2019 · I am currently working on an Arduino Uno Board and I am trying to write it in pure C without the use of Arduino's Libraries. Choose project type "GCC C Executable Project" and define a name for your project. The value of programming the ATmega328P in C is that it is easier to understand the C concepts using an 8-bit processor as compared to programming in C on a personal computer. h) 128x32 version AVR Assembler Tutorial 1: I have decided to write a series of tutorials on how to write assembly language programs for the Atmega328p which is the microcontroller used in the Arduino. h>. conf" -v -p atmega328p -c usbasp -U flash:w:"$(ProjectDir)Debug\$(TargetName). Jul 31, 2022 · As an example, consider a program that should add the numbers 2 and 3, and print whether the result is odd or even, to the console. Dev kits for popular micro-processors have recently come way down in… Nov 10, 2017 · Device signature 0x1e9516 is ATmega328PB, not ATmega328P. The source code provides the minimum functionality needed for the display. Communication is relatively fast, and short distances are mainly used to communicate between sensors, RTC, EEPROM, LCD. exe Arguments : -C"C:\Program Files (x86)\arduino\hardware\tools\avr\etc\avrdude. ATmega328P in 28-pin narrow dual in-line package (DIP-28N) ATmega328P in 32-pin thin quad flat pack (TQFP-32) Die of ATmega328P. Next we need to write program and burn that into the microcontroller. Feb 13, 2017 · This tutorial shows how to program Arduino using ATMEL Studio 7 for writing C or C++ program for the ATmega328P microcontroller. To program and execute the application there are two options: – Start a debug session on the board, where the user will be able to program and debug – Program the generated . Atmel is now part of MicroChip and we will use a simulated Atmega328p chip with the WinAVR package. Let A = 2 (Type III) Let B = 3 (Type III) Let C = A + B (Types I & III) If C is odd, go to step 5 else go to step 6 You can compile a C language program into a binary executable hex file with MPLabX IDE from MicroChip and run your program on an Arduino Uno board. So yeah, Timer 1 seems to be only option. Use **Courses** (below) to follow a specific learning path on using the Espotek Labrador or learning how to program the RP2040 or Atmega328P. setup() loop() Setup is like Verilog initial executes once when program starts loop() is like Verilog always Aug 19, 2022 · I write about using C, MicroPython and Forth with microcontrollers as well as practical electronics and inexpensive test equipment. Using the AVR C Compiler with Atmel Studio 7. Using the AVR C Compiler w For instance, consider some IO functionality is required in the C program written for the ATmega328p. h> by preprocessing the macros in <avr/io. 2 Ports as General Digital I/O (page 85) and has a section 14. Nov 3, 2022 · at328-4. Nov 1, 2022 · Before attempting to program using native commands, it is time to break out the datasheet for the ATmega328P. Now the entire programming setup is ready. Atmel Studio 7 is now Jun 1, 2015 · Notice the chip type is specified with -p, the path to the custom avrdude. Instruction Set Nomenclature Status Register (SREG) SREG Status Register C Carry Flag Z Zero Flag N Negative Flag V Two’s Complement Overflow Flag Atmega32 LCD Interfacing Code. Jun 8, 2021 · That sounds like what I want to do, so let’s try: avr-gcc -mmcu=atmega328p -c blink. - isurunuwanthilaka/Atmega328p-with-I2C-RTC-DS1307 Sep 18, 2022 · I write about using C, MicroPython and Forth with microcontrollers as well as practical electronics and inexpensive test equipment. Contribute to szivkovicx/atmega328p-c-programming development by creating an account on GitHub. Programming the ATmega328PB Xplained Mini by using mEDBG 1. Writing Program Code in ATMEL Studio 7. o. This project walks you through the process building an AVR application to exercise the usart peripheral on the ATMega328p microcontroller. Many of the programming languages I know are based on C and share syntax or other similarities, like C#, Python or Typescript. I will cover two 8. While the Arduino IDE is typically used with Arduino-specific libraries and the Wiring language (a set of C/C++ functions), you can write direct C Programming The Atmel Atmega328p In C Peter Van der Linden Make Elliot Williams,2014 Atmel's AVR microcontrollers are at the heart of the Arduino and are bountiful in the hobbyist and hardware hacker worlds. First we will write LED blinking program in ATMEL Studio. Theoretisch müsste man AVCC in diesem Schritt nicht verbinden. Embedded Programming – 2 43 Goal & Content 44 Pointers 1. - ATMEGA328P_C/examples/spi/spi/main. 6. Utilizarlos consiste de: Configurar los pines del puerto como entrada 0/salida 1 en el registro DDRX. c. By utilizing what I call "Register Programming", besides the examples above, you can more efficiently program the three I/O ports, use the ATmega328P's internal timers, program it's SPI, I 2 C, and serial interfaces, and make better use of the Analog to Digital converter pins, and the analog comparator. Currently C is the preferred language for embedded systems development. We need to program the BootLoader for the MCU by ourselves in order to use the Arduino IDE for development. simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab Program an Arduino to use as an In-System Programmer (ISP) for programming the ATMega328 CPU 1. As you perhaps know the program that you use with Arduino IDE is Mar 31, 2023 · However, there is no BootLoader in a new ATMEGA328P Microcontroller, so the Arduino IDE cannot be used to upload the program directly, and the program can only be programmed through ICSP. Bu araç, Atmel Atmega 328P için özel bir donanım programlama arayüzü (ISP Jan 16, 2019 · AVR Microcontroller ATMega328P 32 Goal & Content 33 Programming Challenge – Stack Frame 34 Section Round-up 35 ATMega328P Organization 36 ATMega328P Architecture 37 Program Stack 38 Instruction Set 39 Interrupts 40 Memory 41 Programming Challenge – Status Register 42 Program Stack Frame. Click MakeFile -> Port -> USB. Save the file in the same folder where you saved the led. AVCC ist die separate Spannungsversorgung für die A/D-Wandler und die Port C Pins. You basically start by creating a new GCC C Executable project. Using that, it compiles into blink. It uses the ATmega328p found on Arduino boards, but works with straight AVR C and a bare microcontroller. 6. The Arduino IDE includes many features which make it easy to get started: libraries for controlling GPIO pins and communicating over serial, and one-click programming, to name a couple. Microchip Technology May 4, 2021 · In this ATmega328P programming tutorial I will demonstrates how to setup and use the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). conf is specified with -C, and the name of the programmer is specified with -c. *I posted this question on stackoverflow earlier but nobody seems to be familiar with PlatformIO enough to answer, so I decided to ask the same question on PIO community directly! However I cannot upload with my programmer. The entry demonstrates the fundamental method of getting the ATmega328 to perform, is to program the registers. The LM35 temperature sensor is connected to analog pin ADC0(PC0). ATmega328P: Burning the bootloader with the Arduino UNO. Mar 18, 2018 · Programming Atmega328P microcontroller in C programming language to controlling the household water pump. Loop() is used after setup() has been called, function loop() is executed repeatedly in the main program. Connect the mEDBG USB to the PC. via flags or variables Changes program timing Can’t rely on “dead-reckoning” using instruction timing Must be written so they are invisible Cannot stomp on program state, e. The individual pins for the data lines do not need to be defined, since all lines are connected to the same port and therefore ports 4-7 are automatically defined for them. Im Menü „Werkzeuge“ wählt ihr als Programmer „Arduino as ISP“ – nicht mit „Arduino ISP“ verwechseln. 2. To use those functionalities, the <avr/io. A LED is connected to Port B pin 1(PB1). Using the -mmcu switch the compiler will directly know that the file meant to be loaded is in fact <avr/iom328p. We use Atmel Studio 6 for the development of code, and the code is written in C. Using the Embedded Debugger on the ATmega328P Xplained Mini board to program the ATmega328P. Sep 3, 2017 · Yes, I am using Arduino pro mini 16 MHz I don't think it is possible to count up to 10 uS with timer 0 and timer 2, because they are 8 bit timers which allows prescaler to 256. hex file into the controller and execute the application Choose one of these options in Atmel Studio as shown in the following screen capture. It also allows someone to learn how to program an embedded microcontroller in a less complex environment as compared to a 32-bit microcontroller such as the Raspberry Pi ATmega328P Programming Tutorials using C and the AVR C Compiler with Atmel Studio 7. #ifndef F_CPU # define F_CPU 16000000 UL // clock speed is 16MHz #endif #include<avr/io. Aug 1, 2018 · If the hardware is completely connected, you can start with the development of the software. c on the class web site contains an example of how to store a strings in Sep 24, 2022 · I write about using C, MicroPython and Forth with microcontrollers as well as practical electronics and inexpensive test equipment. Open ATMEL Studio, go to File > New > Project Nov 20, 2021 · I write about using C, MicroPython and Forth with microcontrollers as well as practical electronics and inexpensive test equipment. To illustrate how it works and how to write ADC program, we will read temperature data from a LM35 temperature sensor at ADC 0 pin. I need to use #defines to make the code readable and sell-documenting. Select Memories and locate the source . h> // AVR header #include<util/delay. – Dec 29, 2018 · GPIO Programming in Embedded System / Arduino / ATmega328p Microcontroller | Embedded C Register Level Programming Tutorial | AVR GPIO Programming Tutorial Feb 15, 2020 · ATmega328P: Bootloader mit dem Arduino UNO brennen. By making these examples i assume that you already know the basics of how to write assembly code on any microcontroller (i learned to write on 8051 microcontroller before i Sep 30, 2017 · I'm trying to write a program to output a count on a 7-seg display from zero to nine with a one second delay (1000ms) between each increment. elf file and then click Three ports, Port B, Port C, and Port D can be used as general I/O pins. Ici, j’ai souhaité vous transmettre des bases pratiques, afin que vous puissiez faire vos premiers pas avec ce µC (en dehors de toute carte arduino, donc). Aug 3, 2020 · AVR USART Programming in Embedded System / Arduino / ATmega328p Microcontroller | Embedded C Register Level Programming Tutorial | AVR USART Programming Tutorial May 12, 2023 · We can use the Arduino IDE for programming an ATmega328P microcontroller directly in C (AVR-C). h> // delay header //*****LCD PROGRAM STARTS*****// #define LCD_DATA PORTB // port B is selected as LCD data port #define ctrl PORTD // port D is selected as . So, I wanted to learn more about bare metal programming and C programming in general. grxqkykc gmhmrj lstbm ivaplmi ugy szt xjlb ptnhi bvf jiygx ogdgtx zbhn htw ecdxeo gpcs